Music Can Be Seen as Related to Gender. free essay sample

One of the reasons why gender has perhaps often been considered to be more social, and sex in turn more natural, is that gender is usually more visible as a series of conventions about dress codes, expected public bodily behavior, manner of speech and so on. Sex, however, is closely connected to sexuality, which has often been informed by beliefs that this should be a more private affair. The distinction between sex and gender is therefore both ideological and misleading.Here I follow the approach of Weeks, who has argued that gender is the social condition of being male or female, and sexuality, the cultural way of living out our bodily pleasures and desires (1986:45). Is rock itself an inherently masculine genre? One of the earliest attempts to start theorizing the relationship between rock music and sexuality can be found in an essay Ritter by Simon Firth and Angela Microbes (1978), in which they argued that rock operated as a form of sexual expression and as a form of sexual cont rol. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Can Be Seen as Related to Gender. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Firth and Microbes declared that, in terms of control and production, rock is a male form (1 978: 5). This argument was illustrated with reference of two different types of music: cook rock and teenybopper. Cook rock is a term that was coined by feminists during the early sass to refer to male performers such as Mock Jaeger, Roger Dallier and Robert Plant, who were aggressive, dominating and boastful. Women were often portrayed as subordinate in heir songs and represented as sex objects on LIP covers. The music was loud, rhythmically insistent, built around techniques of arousal and climax, the lyrics are assertive and arrogant Sock rockers musical skills become synonymous with their sexual skills (Firth and Microbes (1978: 7). They believe that men dominate and control the production, reproduction and dissemination of rock music and this is reflected in the music. Comparing this with teenybopper, which was judged to be consumed almost exclusively by girls, Firth and Microbes found a contrasting representation of male sexuality eased on softer ballad styles, and evocations of self-pity and vulnerability which encouraged female fantasies about being the partner of a singer.Firth and Microbes argument was based on a narrow series of essentialist assumptions which privileged heterosexual behavior. As Weeks (1986) has argued, male and female sexuality is far more varied and differentiated. Against Firth and Microbes argument that rock is male because it is controlled by men and therefore expresses a male sexuality, Robert Waller (1993) has proposed a more dynamic and historical approach by claiming that Sock has been actively made as male.Focusing on a specific submerge, heavy metal, he notes that heavy rock is not enjoyed entirely by male audience and neither does it communicate one type of masculinity. Waller continues to argue that heavy metal musicians do not simply express some essential maleness but instead are involved in what he calls forging masculinity. This is not a type of unmediated cultural expression but a conscious and deliberate strategy. Waller argues that for most of its early history, heavy metal was actively made as male through a series of quite particular practices, strategies ND tactics.Waller identified four such strategies that he found articulated in song lyrics, through the use Of musical codes and music videos. These he has identified as: 1 ascription, which means no girls are allowed; 2. ) misogyny, an anti-woman strategy which results in women appearing in songs and videos as mysterious or dangerous and as a threat to male control; 3. ) romance, a cultural strategy whereby love, escape and fantasy provide a means of transcending everyday problems; 4. Androgyny, which is an ambiguous and contradictory strategy while using elements of inflectionally feminine clothing (lace, stockings and make-up), many hard rock musicians seek to assert their heterosexuality and are anxious that their androgyny should not lead t o their sexuality being wrongly attributed as gay by fans, other musicians or journalists. Agree with Goodliest and Wald when they argue that rock can provide a means by which women can actively create distinctive female subcultures by using the example of Riot Girl.The label Riot Girl typically applied to a US sub-genre of alternative rock performed by female artists and groups that emerged in the early 1 sass. The Musical style appropriates elements of punk, hard-rock and grunge. Women musicians challenged the use of the guitar as a symbol of male power; the female voice was employed to challenge the macho assertiveness of rock in particular through screaming and the adoption of a variety of vocal sounds that were used to evoke rage, pleasure and/or primal self assertion (Goodliest and Wald, 1994: 261).As performers, women neither tried to become one of the boys nor played up to the traditional feminine image by seeking the heterosexual male gaze. Lyrically the songs dealt with taboo or private issues such as menstruation, incest, abuse, birth, motherhood and lesbian s ex. Riot Girl paved the way for wider recognition of women artists and groups In alternative rock genres (whether or not explicitly political in nature). However, Goodliest and Wald tempered their optimism with the observation that, despite the advances made by a few female performers, the on-going tradition of rock is still deeply masculinity (1994: 252).After all, where are the female rock musicians who might challenge the success of Guns N Roses, 132 or ERM? The conclusion that might be drawn from this rating on rock and sexuality is that rock is a genre that has been sexed in a very particular way, and as such its generic codes and conventions can present a formidable barrier to musicians who went to challenge and change them. One quote that agrees that rock is male, is made by Julie Burials (1994) where she states that l know its a sexist thing to say, but women arent as good at making music as men like theyre not as good as men at football.A girl in a dress with a guitar looks weird. . Its k on the radio, because you cant see them. Christie Handy is an exception. Very few of them are exceptions. And if they dont have a guitar, they become the dumb girl in front of the band. Im not a great fan of girls in pop. There are just two types of female making pop music today those blessed with good looks, and those who would perhaps be better served by an undercover visit to the local plastic Surgeon. [Women rockers] are just indulging in ugly Winning bleating.When ugly winning get left by some scrawny, spotty failed musician they blame the whole world but you couldnt give a chits because they sound so bucking whiningly horrible. Paul Lester (1992), This is a pretty harsh comment to make, suggesting that only pretty women can pull off being a rock musician. It should not be based on looks, after all, not a lot of male rockers are attractive. An example of a Riot Girl Group is Hole that were formed in 1989. They are not (considered to be) an original Riot Girl group although there are musical, lyrical and attitudinal similarities.Their key albums are: pretty on the Inside (1 991 Live Through This (1 994); celebrity Skin (1998). Their musical output was often dominated by Loves (controversial) public image. Live Through This draws on punk, rock and grunge and it parallels with Nirvanas Nevermore. It utilizes alternating soft verse/explosive chorus (cuff. Nirvana). This Riot Girl group has an abrasive and ironic/worldly vocal delivery (as opposed to the stereotypically polished or sweet-sounding female vocal). It is made catchy with the use of melodic pop hooks and antithetic chorus.The lyrics synthesis the intimately confessional with the socially relevant (again, producing songs that operate both individually and collectively). Powerful use of dynamic contrast at all levels acoustic v heavy extortion; gentle low register v shouting/screaming high register; understated verse v powerful chorus. Riot Girl was essentially about empowerment but, wary of the bad press, the Riot Frumps and Feminine tags, many women in bands distanced themselves from it in droves.Riot Girl ultimately was a fanzine-led flashing, a media rocket supporting the key- issue a womans place in art and rock culture. (O Brine, p. 164) It is not just rock that has been generically sexed, but also disco and jazz. When writing about rock, Firth and Microbes had argued that disco expressed a sexuality which was cool, restrained and understated (1978 : 19). Basing many of their observations on the disco movie Saturday Night Fever, they wrote of the social relations of disco as traditional girls dreaming of disco romance and boys dreaming of quick and easy sex (1978: 19).Yet disco music, far from being associated simply with traditional heterosexual conventions, is a genre that has frequently been linked with gay male sexuality. Richard Dyer argues that disco has been taken up by gays in ways that may well not have been intended by its producers (1990:413). The apparent gayness of disco has been questioned by John Gill (1 995), who has been critical of many of the assumptions that have been made about gay preferences in music (e. G. Who says that gay men prefer opera, show tunes and disco? . Gill is particularly critical of the way that gay disco music has become something of a sexual stereotype among both gay and non-gay music fans. I believe that although disco may not have been intended to be gay by its producers, it has still somewhat become gay with its cheesy music/lyrics, bright colors, fancy, over-the-top clothing etc. In discussing this he has made some interesting observations on the sexing of musical genres and in particular about the sexing of jazz.Gill has noted how the lesbian, gay and bisexual aspects to the lives and music of many prominent composers and musicians have often been excluded from jazz biographies. He has illustrated the point further by referring to the experiences of the gay jazz musician Gary Burton, whose experiences has led him to conclude that jazzs public image does not fit well with being a gay person (1995:75). This is an interesting observation because or many of its devotes jazz is thought not to have an image (unlike the excesses of rock performance for example).Yet, as Burton observes from touring and performing; Many people still persist in wanting jazz to be played by bucked-up addicts and alcoholics, in cramped smoky clubs, while wearing garish clothes and silly hats and sunglasses and talking jive talk. I get complaints all the time about not looking the part (Gill 1995:75). This argument about males being superior, has been going on for many years, long before rock, jazz or disco. As Susan McClain states with her argument that, much of the Western classical tradition can be understood as patriarchal.She gives four such examples: 1 . ) The exclusion of, or writing out of history of, women composers and performers: 2. ) The use of gendered terms (e. G. feminine ending or feminine cadence); 3. ) The stereotypically gendered portrayal of female (and male) characters in opera; 4. ) That sonata form itself plays out a narrative of masculine domination. Doll Bernhard Marx once stated in his lengthy discussion of sonata form that in sonata form he first theme is masculine and the second theme feminine. In this pair of themes. .. The first theme is the one determined at the outset, that is, with a primary freshness and energy consequently that which is energetically, emphatically, absolutely shaped The dominating and determining feature. On the other hand, the second theme. .. Is serving as a contrast, dependent on and determined by the former consequently, and according to its nature necessarily, the milder idea, one more supple than emphatically shaped, as if it were the feminine to that proceeding masculine.The construction of gender that he suggested here would become one of his most influential assertions, one that has become both disturbing and deeply problematic. Burlier also thought of the first exposition theme of his Symphonies fantasies as a construction of the feminine, not the masculine, as would apparently also be true, much later, of Wagered Satisfied-lewdly. Also with Mendelssohn Overture to A midsummer nights dream from 1826, were the second theme was meant to evoke the feminine. Another use of the gendered term feminine is also used to describe cadences. The general idea mongo musicians is that the feminine cadence is weak and the masculine strong. But this general idea is erroneous. The feminine cadence is often stronger than the masculine and is used in powerfully rhythmic music such as polonaises. To conclude, I do believe that rock has been actively made as male. However, I do not agree that only males can play rock, as have witnessed myself many female rock bands sing and play equally (sometimes better) than male rock bands. Heavy metal may have been made in a very heterosexual manner, but it still might provide a number of possibilities for he making of an anti-sexist rock.

Free Essays on at People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society

Fat People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society With nearly twenty percent of the U.S. population falling into the category of obesity, is this country being faced with a widely spread epidemic? Or are those individuals just another facet of American society? Some see overeating as a disease that has plagued our society with no hope of being cured any time soon, while others see it as another aspect of American culture. Authors Greg Crister, Mary Ray Worley, and Hillel Schwartz touch upon these topics in their works, â€Å"Too Much of a Good Thing,† â€Å"Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance,† and â€Å"Fat and Happy?† respectively. Due to the recent wave of obese individuals, much of society looks down upon those who overeat. However, the general public should stop worrying about body image and learn to be happy with what they are given, particularly because such worrying can be physically and emotionally dangerous. The current mentality of the average American is that those who are overweight are a kind of second class to those who are of ideal weight. But what is ideal weight? Ideal weight is what is portrayed in magazines and on television as being beautiful and what everyone else should look like. The slim and sexy are highly glorified in the media making those who are not exactly beauty queens feel unattractive. In addition those who are not of ideal weight are looked down upon and treated as different people, solely based on their eating habits. Author Greg Crister argues these issues, and suggests that we as a society should stigmatize overeating, while being careful to stigmatize the act of overeating, as opposed to the person. His focus is mostly directed towards obesity and its impact on children; that being the most pivotal issue of our time. Moreover, if one is going to stigmatize overeating, than one needs to begin at the source where the eating begins: with children. Eating habits are taught when a child... Free Essays on at People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society Free Essays on at People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society Fat People and Their Acceptance into Today’s Society With nearly twenty percent of the U.S. population falling into the category of obesity, is this country being faced with a widely spread epidemic? Or are those individuals just another facet of American society? Some see overeating as a disease that has plagued our society with no hope of being cured any time soon, while others see it as another aspect of American culture. Authors Greg Crister, Mary Ray Worley, and Hillel Schwartz touch upon these topics in their works, â€Å"Too Much of a Good Thing,† â€Å"Fat and Happy: In Defense of Fat Acceptance,† and â€Å"Fat and Happy?† respectively. Due to the recent wave of obese individuals, much of society looks down upon those who overeat. However, the general public should stop worrying about body image and learn to be happy with what they are given, particularly because such worrying can be physically and emotionally dangerous. The current mentality of the average American is that those who are overweight are a kind of second class to those who are of ideal weight. But what is ideal weight? Ideal weight is what is portrayed in magazines and on television as being beautiful and what everyone else should look like. The slim and sexy are highly glorified in the media making those who are not exactly beauty queens feel unattractive. In addition those who are not of ideal weight are looked down upon and treated as different people, solely based on their eating habits. Author Greg Crister argues these issues, and suggests that we as a society should stigmatize overeating, while being careful to stigmatize the act of overeating, as opposed to the person. His focus is mostly directed towards obesity and its impact on children; that being the most pivotal issue of our time. Moreover, if one is going to stigmatize overeating, than one needs to begin at the source where the eating begins: with children. Eating habits are taught when a child...

That Is vs. Which Is

That Is vs. Which Is That Is vs. Which Is That Is vs. Which Is By Mark Nichol This generation, like every one before it and every one to follow, has the dubious pleasure of seeing evolution of language in action. The changes are obvious to careful writers, as they notice with distressingly increasing frequency the erosion of a distinction between words with similar but divergent meanings (for example, anxious versus eager) or a relaxing of a grammatical rule. One example of the latter that is near or at its tipping point (in this case, the point at which a grammatical error becomes so ubiquitous as to widely be deemed acceptable) is the distinction between restrictive and nonrestrictive, or essential and nonessential, clauses. Throughout the modern era, at least in American English, careful writers have honored a distinction between the use of â€Å"that is† and â€Å"which is† and, universally, the insertion or omission of punctuation to begin or bracket a subordinate clause. For example, the sentences â€Å"The dog that has a bone is well trained† and â€Å"The dog, which has a bone, is well trained† have distinct meanings signaled not only by the difference of a word but also the use of parenthetical punctuation in the latter sentence. For the sake of promoting unambiguous communication, such statements as â€Å"The dog which has a bone is well trained† is avoided (though such usage is common in British English). The phrase â€Å"that has a bone† in â€Å"The dog that has a bone is well trained† provides essential information: More than one dog is visible to the speaker or writer and the observer or reader, and the person making the statement is providing an additional detail to direct the other person to one dog in particular. By contrast, â€Å"The dog, which has a bone, is well trained† likely refers to a scenario in which only one dog is present. The sentence does not specify whether one or more other dogs are in the vicinity, because such information is irrelevant. The phrase â€Å"which has a bone† is providing additional, nonessential information to the base sentence â€Å"The dog is well trained.† Unfortunately, writers often fail to observe the distinction, and even more unfortunately, many of these writers are paid to write; their content is published online and in printed publications that many other people read, and many of these other people see the erroneous content, accept it (it’s published, after all, so it must be correct- right?), and consciously or unconsciously imitate it. Eventually, the tipping point is reached, and (for better or worse) wrong becomes right. A case in point, with not one but two identical grammatical violations: One writer said of two much-anticipated films, â€Å"Before giving us his upcoming Blade Runner sequel that’s shrouded in mystery, director Denis Villeneuve has the sci-fi movie Arrival that is getting incredible  word of mouth.† By including the phrases â€Å"that’s shrouded in mystery† and â€Å"that is getting incredible word of mouth†- with that in place of which and without parenthetical punctuation- the writer creates the impression that the phrases are essential. Evidently, more than one Blade Runner sequel is imminent, and one of them, directed by Denis Villeneuve, is shrouded in mystery. (Presumably, the other is not- or the others are not.) In addition, of two or more movies titled Arrival, one is getting incredible word of mouth. (Presumably, the other is not- or the others are not.) What the writer should have written is â€Å"Before giving us his upcoming Blade Runner sequel, which is shrouded in mystery, director Denis Villeneuve has the sci-fi movie Arrival, which is getting incredible  word of mouth.† This sentence describes two unique films, one of which is shrouded in mystery and one of which is getting incredible word of mouth. The phrases that provide those additional details are bracketed by commas to signal that the details are not necessary for one to understand the basic fact that two films directed by the same man are being released in sequence. (The additional information is potentially intriguing but not essential.) I’ve noticed the lack of distinction between essential and nonessential clauses more and more often over the years, not because I’m more observant than before but because the erosion is more common than it used to be. I know that such evolution is inevitable, but as with any change, one can accept the inevitability yet still resist it. More than that, it is the responsibility of all careful writers to do so. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesDisappointed + PrepositionWhile vs. Whilst

Ryn Air Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ryn Air Industry - Case Study Example Following on from this I looked t the externl environment tht ffects Rynir, to get brief ide of the possible opportunities nd threts. Incresed Trde-union Pressure: with the cuisition of Buzz irline in 2003, Rynir hs undergone some mjor chnges in the mngement structure s well s in its stff polici. From 400 till 600 employess were dismismissed due to the Rynir's policy to dispose of the redundnd stff. Rynir mngement rgued tht the productivity of Buzz t 3,000 pssengers per employee ws uncceptble compred with 10,000 pssengers per employee t Rynir. Rynir ws ccused by trde unions of telling stff to "ccept the cuts or else ". EU Expnsion: Before the cquisition, Rynir ws the biggest user of Stnsted, occupying 45% of lnding slots while esyjet/Go hd 26% nd Buzz hd 12%.xiv The merger thus sfegurded Rynir's position t Stnsted. Moreover, it gve Rynir UK ir Operting Certificte, which llowed the compny to fly from Britin to destintions outside the EU. Big lep towrds "open skies": The US hd signed open bilterl greements with Europen countries individully, dels which were seen s big lep towrd "open-skies". ll crriers in the two countries concerned were given unlimited rights to operte trnstlntic routes between ny two destintions, with no frequency, cpcity or triff control. In ddition, unlimited Fifth Freedom rights were grnted, which llowed irlines to crry trffic between two foreign countries vi connections in their home country. Deprecition of US dollrs: this fctor served negtively for the compny s Ryrfir is Europen bsed compny nd the deprecition of dollr ment receiving fewer dollrs per n irline ticket which ment less profits. Cncelled Flight Compenstion: Rynir did not provide compenstion or ccommodtion in cses of overnight dely or flight cncelltion, regrdless of the cuse of problem. Reimbursement of Delyed Pssengers: With no interline check-in service (whereby pssengers check-in for connecting segments offered by other irlines), customers who chose to connect flights did so t their own risk. Rynir would not ccept responsibility for missed flights even if they were due to the dely of incoming Rynir flights. Socil High-speed Trins: In 1996 Richrd Brnson's Virgin Group purchsed EuroBelgin irlines, chrter irline bsed in Brussels (Ntionl irport), nd trnsformed it into the first low-cost crrier in continentl Europe. lthough its continentl loction initilly provided the compny with distinctive niche, by 2002 mnging director Neil Burrows did not expect this distinction to lst long: "There re more thn enough [LCCs] in the UK. They must expnd into Europend Virgin Express is lredy there."vii With the irport lmost hlf-empty fter the demise of Sben, operting on the minlnd hd its drwbcks: Virgin Express fced more competition for

Information Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Information Security - Research Paper Example With the increase in the use of distributed computing, mobile computing and the fast growth in the adoption of internet for business communication, there is an increased need for information security. The adoption of these technologies exposes businesses to information theft and fraud through various attacks such as phishing, DoS and virus attacks. Without security for information, a business organization stands a chance of catastrophic disruptions through downtime in business critical systems. In the event of restoring such systems a business organization incurs unnecessary and unwanted costs. (Gordon & Loeb, 2002) Violation of privacy; business needs to be able to protect both customer and employee information, failure to which can result into legal actions and penalties. Financial loss; theft of commercial information such as business plans, intellectual property or customer contracts can financially damage a business organization. Immediate financial impacts can be felt by a business in case of a computer fraud by a staff member. The penalties and fines associated with failure to protect privacy of information about its customers including its staff severely damage the reputation and credibility of the business. Information security generally stresses on the preservation of three factors associated with information; confidentially, availability and integrity among others like authorization, authentication and non repudiation. Confidentiality is information secrecy preservation; that is ensuring that such information as financial projections, technical designs and business reports are only vied by authorized personnel. Integrity ensures that information has not been manipulated or tampered with; it ensures that information can be relied upon to be accurate to its purpose. The availability aspect of information security ensures that information is accessible to the authorized persons at the required time

Nokia Human Resource Management (HRM)

Nokia Human Resource Management (HRM) Strategic human resource management emphases on human resource programme of Nokia that has long term objectives. It is focusing on internal human resource issues as well as on addressing and solving problems that effect management programs in the long term. so the main goal of strategic human resources is to boost employee productivity by focusing on business resistance that take place outside of human resources. SHRM of Nokia employs strategies that help to develop the business performance of Nokia and help an environment of modernism and flexibility among employees. The main actions of Head of SHRM Juha Akras are to identify key HR areas where strategies can be implemented in the long run of progress the overall employee motivation and productivity. SHRM also describe about the companys internal strengths and weaknesses. This is very important as the strengths and weaknesses of a companys human resources that have a straight effect on the companys future. The purpose of Strategic Human Resource Management activities of Nokia: SHRM has a unique purpose to meet the companys objectives. Different company has different strategy and SHRM plays a role to identify the overall need for the company to achieve the company goal. The SHRM activities are as follows for Nokia and it has a great purpose for companys future: Resource planning: Resources are very important and should be available to meet both current and future business needs according to company strategy. Nokia Resource planning conducted at both organizational/ global and unit /local levels which is done by SHRM of Nokia. Particularly, talented workers or real apprenticeship schemes must be used. Workforce planning and recruiting: Workforce planning is the development of assessing a companys current and future human resources needs. Workforce planning also includes managing any training and recruitment process to make sure the organisation has the exact staff inexact place. Nokia work force planning has a great purpose to properly express one way to make a workforce receptive to cross functional, Cross-cultural teaming that can therefore make fast, high-quality decisions and increase the organizations flexibility. Performance management: Nokia SHRM has a system to run employee performance. It ensures individual objectives are copied from company strategy and policies. This is for motivate Nokias employee. Recruiting and exit procedures: Nokia SHRM makes sure that competent and eligible individuals are recruited and appointed to open positions, according to competence, with equal opportunity and on a voluntary basis. The supplier of Nokia check the eligibility of candidates and that they exceed the minimum legal age of employment. SHRM provided with a work contract or offer letter, basic or specific training. SHRM shall ensure that exit procedures are acquiescent with local legislation, international labour law and appropriate collective agreements. Nokia specific training and certification: Nokia SHRM has the necessary training on Nokia policies, products, processes and guidelines and, if needed, have necessary licenses and certificates to learn the social process of engaging multicultural, multi-country employees in generating and agreeing on a set of values and to search and get deeper considerate of the relationships between strategy, culture, values and business outcomes. 1.3. Contribution of Strategic Human Resource Management to the achievement of Nokias organizational objectives. To continue a strong, booming and efficient environment Nokia collaborates with its employees under the main goal to create an environment for all its employees where they can fulfil their potential. Motivation, encouragement and maintaining employees satisfaction and well-being at work is vital for Nokia to perform at its best. Company growth: Nokia expands their business in regularly basis with new innovations and ideas. That is why Nokia needs lot of skill and experienced persons to meet their business growth. For example Nokias Research Development operations were scattered across the world in 69 sites, and its 19,579 engineers, designers and sociologists were given complete freedom to operate and develop their own ideas, over and above their officially designated research projects. In these situations Human Resource played a vital role. It recruits them and trained them in specific way to success in this project. Nokia is operating their business all over the world and so the human resource providing a socio cultural environment to its employee relationship and workplace. Profit increasing: Every company is profit oriented. They want to increase their profit in every aspect. Nokia also increasing profit very successfully by making new ideas implementations. Human resource has a effective involve to increase their profit by reducing labour cost and other activities. Human resources is the organization of resources other than natural resources and capital resources. Satisfaction of Stakeholders: Human Resource of Nokia always try to satisfy its Stakeholders like its employees, investors, suppliers and others. It has an employee satisfaction program based on employee opinion surveys and should take action based on the results of the program. It makes sure that information related to employees such as business activities, changes and results is communicated across the organization and ensure performance is evaluated fairly and independently.HR of Nokia provide to Supplier services at Nokia facilities, including (Nokias) customer sites. Task 2: Human Resources Planning: 2.1 Business factors of Coca-Cola that underpin human resource planning: Human resources are the people that work for an organisation, and Human Resource Management is concerned with how these people are managed. Though, the term of HRM has come to mean more than this because people are different from the other resources that work for an organisation. Coca-Cola Human Resource department involves in company strategic planning in various way. When it makes human resource plan there is involve company business factor and external environment factor. Business Growth: Coca-Cola is a leading beverage company. It increases its business all over the world in every year in different way. So needs lot of staff to meet this incensement of business. Human resources planning takes its consideration forecasting future manpower requirements, where using mathematical projections to project trends in the economic environment and development of the industry. Making a list of present manpower resources and assessing the extent to which these resources are employed in future. Business Change: Coca cola change their business plan strategy sometimes very frequently in consideration of economic, market variation, competitor and other relative factors. Human resource of Coca-Cola also takes such consideration when it plans in a long term basis. Impact of Technology: In every certain time all over the world modern technology is invented. Coca-Cola always takes it a challenge when they make a Human resource plan. HR is considered to its existence employee and recruits skilful employee to meet this challenge successfully. Technology is a kind of risk management. It involves sensibly appraising the present and anticipating the future to get the right people into right jobs at the right time. Business Competition: There is a huge competition of all over the world. In this competition rivalry making efficient the organization is a real challenge. Coca-Cola Human resource plan think about this competition and make it organization to fit in this situation. Labour Cost Control: Coca-Cola Human resource planning includes in a wide way about Labour cost control by maintain waste of time, proper use of materials. Its Human resource always approach training programme to its productions stuff to make difference and make them skilful as they can work fast and more easily. Not only its taking consideration for planning or developing its production stuff it also concentrates its: Information technology specialists. Mechanical and electrical engineers. Researchers. Product developers. Managers and business executives. Administrators. Security guards and health and safety experts. Other variations should take for consideration   new legislations like new health requirements,  safety requirements, Changes in government policies   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  like tax tariff, labour demand and supply. 2.2 Human resource requirements in a given situation: According to the New York Times July, 2009 Coca-Cola market was slipped in U.S. market but Coca-Cola still the best carbonate cola. In this situation there was 60% market share was Coca-Cola. Generally its market share relay between 75%-85% in U.S market. In this situation Coca- Cola surveyed their market and find out the barrier and solved it by various planning implementation. Besides the other department Human Resource Management played a vital role to recover the market as well. In Such kind of situation Human Resource makes sure several things that are as follows: Personal Requirement: HR will arrange the operation teams and then give specific roles to team members. Depending on the volume of business and the involvedness of the operation, might also need to create sub teams. The following points provide options HR might consider in regard to managing some important issues: Let to know and familiar with the specific operations: Hold-up the deployment until the staff is fully trained in the new technologies. Special training is given to employees; new employees also are placed with old ones to learn work and the values prevalent in the company, Outsource portions of the work to cover weak points. Then, have your staff members learnt the required skills from the contracted personnel. Workplace: They must provide sufficient working space to per employee. The temperature must be reasonable. The workplace must be adequately lit and where the work can be done seated seats must be provided. Treat each other with dignity, fairness and respect. Human resource management makes sure promote an inclusive environment that encourages all employees to develop and achieve to their fullest probable, reliable with a commitment to human rights in our workplace. The Coca-Cola workplace will be a place where everyones ideas and contributions are valued, and where responsibility and accountability are encouraged and rewarded. Organizing operation teams: SHRM will help to make a team of experts in security, networking, interoperability and applications testing could also serve as leaders of sub teams within their areas of expertise. Team members need such skills that are project management skills, specific technical experience, and the ability to be innovative and master new technologies swiftly. Team members also need strong analytical abilities to be able to link the project vision with the details needed to overcome above kind of situation. Realise the value of operation: Securing a management support who can speak for the organizations systems needs for the project is usually critical for success. This person can help ensure that the deployment team understands and achieves its goal. 2.3 Development a human resources plan Coca-Cola: The Human Resource Plan should also be closely tied to strategic planning. In order to effectively meet their strategic goals and objectives, a world leading company, hire or develop staff with the required skills, knowledge and attitudes to Perform the needed functions. The Human Resource Plan of Coca-Cola can be completed in six steps: Step 1: Setup a big picture: The main purpose of the first step is to bring the group to realize the meaning of and the need for a business strategy and agenda of Coca-Cola. To understand the business strategy the specific department executives will run a workshop and it can be two days workshop. In this two-day workshop the business unit executive reviews business strategy in any issues to impact the business. HR highlights the key driving forces of business such as Technology, distribution, competition, the markets etc and also the implications of the driving forces for the people side of business the fundamental people contribution to bottom line business performance. Step 2: Develop a Mission Statement or Statement of Intent: This come up to human resources planning mirrors the section in business plan of Coca-Cola dedicated to clearing up why your company exists and what value it presents. Human resources planning will be based on your organizations mission statement, goals and objectives because your workforce will be in alignment with the company values. (Read more: http://www.ehow.com) Step 3: Conduct a SWOT analysis of the organization: This analysis will looks at the internal environment of company. By this analysis the human resource will find out what is Coca-Colas present strengths and what is weakness as well as current in future opportunity and threats to know the whether they able to achieve with the current human resources. SWOT analysis will ensure the clear image about the organisation resources such as capital worker. Step 4: Develop consequences and solutions; Human resource will amalgamate all essential for meeting the company objectives. It will take steps for developing the Human Resource Plan as below: Teamwork of staff among lower levels and the management should be created and maintained to support in various ways that would consider necessary in eliminating communication breakdowns and foster better relationship among workers. The management should emphasize on good corporate culture in order to develop employees and create a positive and conducive work environment. Performance appraisal is one of the important works in the logical and systemic process of human resource management. The information obtained through performance evaluation provides foundations for recruiting and selecting new hires, training and development of existing staff, and motivating and maintaining a work force by sufficiently and properly rewarding their performance. Without a reliable performance evaluation system, a human resource management system falls apart, resulting in the total waste of the valuable human assets a company has. Step 5: Implementation and evaluation of the action plans: The vital purpose of developing a human resource strategy is to make sure that the objectives set are equally helpful so that the reward and payment systems are incorporated with employee training and career development plans. There is very little value or benefit in training people only to then frustrate them through a failure to provide sufficient career and development opportunities. 2.4 Evaluation of how a human resources plan can contribute to meet Coca-Colas objectives: Human Resource Plan plays a vital role in the achievement of an organisations overall strategic objectives and clearly illustrates that the human resources role fully understands and wires the direction in which the organisation is moving. A complete HR plan will also support other specific strategic objectives undertaken by the marketing, financial, operational and technology departments. Generally Coca-Cola evaluates its HR plan in various ways which are below: It has the right people in place. It has the right mix of skills Employees display the right attitudes and behaviours, and Employees are developed in the right way. Coca-Cola decide a HR strategy plan can add value to the organisation if it has: Articulates more clearly some of the common themes which lie behind the achievement of other plans and strategies, which have not been fully identified before; and Identifies fundamental underlying issues which must be addressed its people are to be motivated, committed and operate effectively. The second area should be including: Workforce planning issues Succession planning Workforce skills plans Employment equity plans Motivation and fair treatment issues Pay levels designed to recruit, retain and motivate people a grading and remuneration system which is seen as fair and giving proper reward for contributions made. a consistent performance management framework which is designed to meet the needs of all sectors of the organisation including its people Furthermore, the HR strategy of Coca-Cola can add value is by ensuring that, in all its other plans as it takes account of and plans for changes in the wider environment, which are likely to have a major impact such as: Changes in the overall employment market demographic or remuneration levels Cultural changes which will impact on future employment patterns Changes in the employee relations climate Changes in the legal framework surrounding employment. 3.1 Explanation the purpose of human resource management policies of Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola believes that delivering superior performance needs better capabilities. So its HR policy is designed in line with this approach and based on attracting and retaining the talented people and developing them always. Developing Employees- is one of the main issues for human resource management. It continuously trained on How to Develop People. Employees, business objectives and capability levels are followed up by performance management.   Remuneration system and career management systems are planned on job family model. As a part of career management system, internal placement process is used so as to give them career and job improvement opportunities. In 2007 alone 97 positions have been filled through internal coursework. Successful and prospective employees are reviewed at talent review meetings done both at efficient and exclusive talent re-evaluate meetings and they are organized for next steps with individualized development programs. 3.2 Analysing the impact of regulatory requirements on human resource policies of Coca-Cola: The apprehension of policies can help an organization both internally and externally, that it meets requirements for multiplicity, morals and training as well as its commitments in relation to regulation and corporate governance. The HR policy of Coca-cola establishes a cultural diversity. HR policies also proved very effective at opinionated and building the desired organizational culture. These are a lot of rules and that really beneficiary from a company as well as from employee. With 27000 of Expatriates around the world, Coca-cola ensures that they receive the kind of packages and ongoing support that makes their relocation a positive experience. Coca-Cola team Management with all policies for international mobility with a long term basis. Coca-cola established such kind of policies about its internal environment that make sure that they are flexible, smart and complete enough to deal with the wide range of needs and issues that is very essential to run a business successfully. Task 3: Reviewing Human Resource Management 4.1 The impact of an organisational structure on the management of human resources: There is a important impact of HRM of Tesco on organizational structures that come into view organization in a effective way. The central decision-making system was ineffective to react quickly to managers requirements and concerns. So, Tesco started scrapping conventional, hierarchical organizational structures in favour of compliment, decentralized management systems. Subsequently, smaller number managers were involved in the decision-making process and companies were adopting more of a team approach to management. HRM professionals, as the management change, were charged with reorganizing workers and increasing their efficiency. These efforts also resulted in the explosion of part-time, or contract, employees, which required human resource strategies that contrasted with those applicable to full time workers. 4.2 Analysing the impact of an organisational culture on the management of human resources: Organizational culture and its environment factors in which organization exist determines the way of managing the organization (Saffold, 1988:547). The relationship between organizational structure human resources practices can be explained as follows. When the member of organization i.e. employees, understand and internalized the organzational culture which can be said as the way things are done around here it will enable for employee to choose strategy, and behavior that fit with their personality as well as with the main routines of organization activities. Since Indonesia is belong to country with high power distance and low uncertainty avoidance, it is likely that organizational culture that fit with this condition is parochial type. Parochial culture is characterized by the tendecy to give much attention to some factor such as family relationship, social relation, and personal backgroud, and less attention to capability and competency needed to perform the task. The main power is on the one hand, a powerful person such as the owner or the founder of the company, where the destiny of an employee depends on the hand of the most powerfull person (the boss). There is a division of work, the boss is the planner, the other are the doer. In the high power distance society, good leader or good manager in the eye of the employees, is someone who can act like a good father (Hofstede, 1997). This type of relationship will lead to less participative management in decision making. 4.3 The effectiveness of human resources management is monitored at Tesco: The central point on HR for developing the employees through constant training is vital to the success of the organization; it would amount to a waste of resources. As the UKs largest retailer across 14 countries with more than 470,000 employees making the challenges arise in managing such a large workforce. Throughout the Tescos corporate values: No one tries harder for customers and Treat people how we like to be treated. The interest in creating new and even in work is always important in any aspect of working industry. Value: These apply both to customers and staff, and for the latter focus on teamwork, trust and respect, listening, supporting and saying thank you, and sharing knowledge and experience. Support: Tesco can claim a perpetual support from the employees even though the company faces a dispute concerning the distraction that includes financial services. The company also stretched internationally and economic downturn is enough to keep the companys values. Growth: The Tescos HR functions are extremely entrenched. They are doing type to both short-term and longer term growth. The company is created 11,000 new jobs in 2009 and they will target the long-term unemployed. Meritocracy: Tesco boasts the best employee remuneration package in the food retail sector, with an award-winning pension scheme. Some 170,000 staff own shares or are members of share schemes, and there is discounted dental, health and life insurance on offer. 4.4 Justified recommendations to improve the effectiveness of human resources management in Tesco: Composition of the audit team: There has to be a representative from the HR function and from among senior line managers if the effect has to have any credibility. Identify the functions main customers: The input decision has to explain who makes the final decision to buy the services provided by the function. HR functions mission statement review: This statement explains the cause for the HR functions continuation, its principal actions and its most important values. Review the functions role in formulating and implementing the organizations strategy: This is critical point to establishing the connection between HR policy and practices as well as the organizations overall business strategy. Review the delivery of HR policy and practices: The benefit of this approach is that line managers can go anywhere if they are not happy with the service they be given from the HR function within the organization. Make internal comparisons to establish best practice: The organization have to make and continually keep posted a exclusive database of HR practices that gives an overview of developments within the worlds major organizations today. Review the outcome of analysis: Performance gaps have to be identified and the policy implications have to be discussed with the customer. The commitment for implementing the necessary improvements should be gained. Implement the agreed improvements and measure the progress against pre-set targets: The metrics selected should be the decided on right indicators of the HR functions performance and evaluate the results with industry averages, competitors, best practice firms, and/or with set targets or previous performance ratings.

Web application and a Web server

1. Why is it critical to perform a penetration test on a Web application and a Web server prior to production implementation? Although many organizations have reduce significant number of design and coding defects through software development lifecycle; there still remains security holes that arise when an application is deployed and interacts with other processes and different operating systems (Cobb, 2014). Another reason that penetration test is critical is many Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) mandate internal and external penetration test (Cobb,2014).2. What is a cross-site scripting attack? Explain in your own words. Cross-site scripting is when an attacker exploits the controls of a trusted website and injects malicious code with the intent of spreading it to other end users. For example, an attacker injects a browser script on a website, so that other users will click on it and compromise sensitive information.3. What is a reflective cross-site scripting attack?A reflective cross-site scripting attack is when the injected script is reflected off the web server, much like an error message or search results. This type of attack is mostly carried out by e-mail messages in which the user is tricked by clicking on a malicious link and then the injected code travels to the vulnerable website and reflects the attack back to the user’s browser (OWASP, 2013).4. What common method of obfuscation is used in most real-world SQL attacks? These methods include character scrambling, repeating character masking, numeric variance, nulling, artificial data generation, truncating, encoding, and aggregating. These methods rely on an array of built in SQL server system functions that are used for string manipulation (Magnabosco, 2009).5. Which Web application attack is more prone to extracting privacy data elements out of a database? SQL injections can be used to enter the database with administrator rights in which are also the best way to avoi d using Java on the website (OWASP, 2013).6. If you can monitor when SQL injections are performed on an SQL database,  what would you recommend as a security countermeasure to monitor your production SQL databases? I would recommend coordinated and regular security audits to prevent any back lash of SQL injections.7. Given that Apache and Internet Information Services (IIS) are the two most popular Web application servers for Linux and Microsoft ® Windows platforms, what would you do to identify known software vulnerabilities and exploits? I would explore the large number of binary planting vulnerabilities known as â€Å"dll spoofing† and â€Å"dll preloading† in which have been identified in third party applications running on a windows platform.8. What can you do to ensure that your organization incorporates penetration testing and Web application testing as part of its implementation procedures? My approach to this matter would be to focus on the benefits of pen etration testing and web application testing. I would explain to my company how the testing would identify holes and vulnerabilities in the current web applications. I would also make the point that by incorporating this testing would make the organization more marketable to partner companies and future clients.9. What other security countermeasures do you recommend for websites and Web application deployment to ensure the CIA of the Web application? I would identify all the key pieces to my Web Server and address each accordingly. The key pieces would include Patches and Updates, IISLockdown, Services, Protocols, Accounts, Files and Directions, Shares, Ports, Registry, Auditing and Logging, Sites and Virtural Directories, Script Mappings, ISAPI Filters, ISS Metabase, Server Certificates, Machine.config, and Code Access Security (Microsoft Corporation, 2014).10. Who is responsible and accountable for the CIA of production Web applications and Web servers? Any trained certified infor mation security professional that is assigned or assumes such responsibility.