The Glorious Cause The American Revolution free essay sample

This paper surveys history specialist, Robert Middlekauffs account verifiable investigation of the American Revolution title, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution. This paper looks at The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, which uncovers the complexities of the years between the marking of the arrangement of Paris in 1763 and the appointment of George Washington in 1789. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The writer calls attention to that the objective of Middlekauffs book was to examine both the accomplishments and disappointments of the American Revolution. A portion of the themes that are secured incorporate itemized examination of British discussion about the provinces, the reasons for the war just as the development of the American Constitution. As indicated by this creator, Middlekauff works superbly of looking into the changed individuals who were personally associated with this period ever, demonstrating how both their qualities and their shortcomings influenced this period in American history. This work, a story chronicled investigation of the American Revolution, and the principal volume to show up in the Oxford History of the United States, uncovers the complexities of the years between the marking of the settlement of Paris in 1763 and the appointment of George Washington in 1789. In spite of the fact that he doesn't plan his title to be unexpected, the creator perceives that the reason for the American unrest had its offensive side, and the Americans way of propelling it was now and again bogus to the incredible standards they uphold. (vii) Middlekauff s reason for existing is to introduce both the accomplishments and disappointments of the American unrest. His proposition is that our loyalists and progressives were not great, yet in figuring out how to consider things to be they are and to envision how they may be, (665) they made a dream , battled for honorable aims, persevered through their own blemishes and made the establishments for our nation.

Case Study On Cost Volume Profit Analysis And Fortescue Metals Group -

Questions: 1. For what reason is a uderstanding of cost conduct significant (for example fixed costs, variable expenses, and so forth.). 2. Clarify the importance of commitment, and make back the initial investment examination and talk about their convenience. 3. Earn back the original investment/CVP examination is by all accounts an incredible instrument. Does it have any shortcomings? 4. Examine FMG 2014 and 2015 Annual Reports and talk about the variables that impact the diggers make back the initial investment costs. 5. Dissect the iron mineral industry advertise and examine which iron metal comapanies are all things considered hazard. Answers: 1. Significance of Understanding of Cost Behavior The connection between an action and its expense is known as cost conduct. It is essential to consider cost conduct since it helps the director in settling on choices with respect to the readiness of spending plans, creation, and so forth. Fundamentally, there are three kinds of cost conduct in particular, fixed costs, variable expenses, and blended cost.[1] Behavior of an expense is critical for directors to have an away from of in general cost structure of the organization. Economies of scale, a degree of gainful cost for the items, and make back the initial investment point can likewise be resolved with the assistance of cost conduct. Furthermore, it is likewise gainful for administrators to conjecture spending plan just as income for the business, break down the different changes, (month to month and quarterly) and recognize the fluctuations from the gauge done.[2] Cost, which doesn't change on changing deals volume or the creation, is known as fixed expense or period cost. It incorporates costs identified with hardware, structures, lease, pay, etc.[3] Fixed expenses are useful in decrease of cost for the business, if the degree of creation is high. It can go about as the boundary to passage for new contenders, if an organization has high fixed expense in the business. 2. Which means Usefulness of Contribution and Break-even investigation Earn back the original investment investigation: It is an approach to examine where income rises to the expense related with the income. It has different uses, for example, dynamic identified with purchasing and assembling. On the off chance that variable expense is less when contrasted with the costs paid to providers then the organization ought to be set up for assembling the items in the organization just else through a-verse.[7] Break-even investigation helps an organization in taking choices in regards to creation arranging that can give top level augmentation in fixed expense just as benefit. What's more, it is significant for money related structure arranging of the firm and huge apparatus for controlling the cost which can't be unnoticed. It is additionally useful in dynamic to budgetary administration when the state of vulnerability arises.[8] Moreover, an edge of security can be dictated by make back the initial investment examination. The count turns out to be brisk and simple with the utilization of Break-even investigation that is useful in making snappy estimations. Equal the initial investment point can be introduced as underneath figure: 3. Shortcomings of Break-even/CVP Analysis Equal the initial investment point, no-misfortune point or zero benefit point is where firms neither win benefit nor face any misfortune. It helps the proprietor of business and chiefs for the covering costs of the business after which the business will create benefit in a deals required. The business volume required to make back the initial investment is known as earn back the original investment analysis.[9] It is useful for directors for understanding the business recommendation feasibility however it has likewise different shortcomings, for example, trouble in ascertaining make back the initial investment for that business who is managing more than one product[10]. It is ridiculous to have straight line portrayal of expenses and income. It is here and there difficult to have same fixed expense and deals cost for the distinctive degree of the creation. With the utilization of earn back the original investment strategy, an edge of security is overlooked that is offered by convertib le for making the installment of the chief sum on maturity.[11] Changes occurring much of the time in the item selling cost can influence the dependability of make back the initial investment examination. At times, information can be mistaken or deceiving that can prompt inaccurate make back the initial investment forecasts.[12] It has no extent of keeping stock as it is accepted that all out yield created will be sold. Commonly, it misrepresents the circumstance of a business, for example, normal income and variable expenses are considered for the estimation yet, all things considered, there will be progressively significant varieties. From the above-expressed shortcoming, it very well may be said that it is an arranging help and ought not be utilized for dynamic tool.[13] 4. Elements affecting the excavators earn back the original investment costs The expense of deals was $US 6051 out of 2015 and $US 6078 out of 2014. From the information gathered, it is noticed that Fortescue's earn back the original investment point fell more than different diggers, by $US48.10 a ton. There are numerous components that impact the make back the initial investment costs, for example, showcase request, money cost, quality, deals volume, cost per unit decrease in direct work cost, variable expense, and fixed expense. Diggers make back the initial investment cost is affected with money cost, quality thought, and cargo. Quality thought of Fortescue Metals Group (FSUGY) has reviews underneath 58% with 100% fines creation. In cargo, Fortescue is nearer to the end advertise so just its evaluations and fines creation prompted a markdown on the benchmark prices.[14] Fortescue was focusing on a $US36 a ton make back the initial investment in the year 2015 however following at around $US37. UBS puts Fortescue's equal the initial investment at $US39 a ton ne.[15] The maintainability is ensured by Fortescue by decreasing costs that assisted with bringing down its money costs that dropped to $US14.79 in December quarter 2015 from $US15.80 in March quarter 2015. Key parts of diggers' break-levels, for example, mine-site money costs were constrained by the organization that were the fourth biggest supporter of the aggregate decrease in earn back the original investment levels, the declining commitment is about $US4.30 a ton to the aggregate $US32.10 a tonne.[16] As on 30 June 2015, money and money reciprocals were US$2,381 million when contrasted with 30 June 2014, it was US$2,398 million. Working incomes for the budgetary year 2015 were US$2,037 million and in the year 2014, it was US$6,248 million. Companys intrigue and fund cost paid was US$605 million and US$853 million of every 2015 and 2014 individually indicating a decrease in intrigue a money cost paid. Profit installments were of US$343 million of every 2015 and US$581 million of every 2014 that likewise incorporates the installment of a last profit of 10 Australian cents.[17] From the abovementioned, it very well may be said that cost of earn back the original investment point has declined in the year 2015 when contrasted with earlier year that was affected with money cost, quality thought, and cargo. As expressed by Nev Power, CEO of the Fortescue, the greatest open door for decrease of the earn back the original investment cost was fund rather than its mining tasks, chiefly with the premium reimbursements reduction.[18] 5. Iron mineral industry advertise investigation and organizations all things considered hazard For examination of iron metal industry, doormen five powers are assessed as beneath: Danger of new contestants: Barrier to section is high in iron metal industry since high set up cost is required with numerous administration rules and guidelines for renting and authorizing. Bartering intensity of providers: Suppliers dealing power is high as there are not many providers who can gracefully the master types of gear required by the organization. This industry has providers in labor, materials, vitality, transportation, and vitality costs for which immaterial substitutes are accessible. In this manner, the bartering intensity of providers is strong[19]. Haggling intensity of purchasers: There is moderate to low bartering intensity of purchasers as there are numerous substitutes which are not accessible in enormous amount. Contention among industry: There is medium or low danger of contention because of less number of contenders. Danger of substitutes: It is medium to low in this industry in light of the fact that there are numerous substitutes as crude material items accessible in the market.[20] Grange Resources (54), BC Iron (52), Anglo American (51) and Atlas Iron (46) are the iron mineral organizations who are among the most hazard confronting organizations since they have high make back the initial investment costs. It demonstrates that organizations can't oversee different costs, for example, factor, fixed, semi-variable expense, etc.[21]. References A $US40 iron metal cost will really help BHP and Rio. The Australian. Last altered: December 02, 2015, Yearly Report 2014, Fortescue Metals Group (FMG), Last changed: 2014, Yearly Report 2015, Fortescue Metals Group (FMG), Last changed: 2014, Bebbington, Jan, Jeffrey Unerman, and Brendan O'Dwyer.Sustainability bookkeeping and responsibility. UK: Routledge, 2014. Bevis, Herman W.Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). UK: Routledge, 2013. Collier, Paul M.Accounting for administrators: Interpreting bookkeeping data for dynamic. USA: John Wiley Sons, 2015. Droms, William G., and Jay O. Wright.Finance and representing nonfinancial supervisors: All the nuts and bolts you have to know. UK: Basic Books, 2015. DRURY, C. M.Management and cost bookkeeping. Germany: Springer, 2013. Easton, P. D., Wild, J. J., Halsey, R. F., and McAnally, M. L. Money related representing MBAs. UK: Cambridge Business Publishers, 2013. Edwards, J. R.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting) (Vol. 29). USA: Routledge, 2013.

The Best Education Podcasts for Teachers

The Best Education Podcasts for Teachers Sarah, an English teacher with 15 years of experience, shares her favorite education podcasts that helped her get through long commutes to work. These podcasts continue to give her invaluable tips about teaching. For five years in the middle of my career, my drive to work was over an hour.  Many times I would carpool with my dad, and we would listen to old radio shows on his satellite radio. I then changed jobs to a school only five minutes from my house.  While I was no longer spending time on the road every day, my treks to my parents on weekends and during the summer were frequent.   It was at that point in time that I discovered audio books, much to the dismay of my daughters.   I managed to listen to all three volumes of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on Audible.  I selected this series because they are short stories, so when I was stopping and not listening for several weeks I could easily pick up with a new story.  The collection of audiobooks grew, and I got more listening in each summer during our travels.   About a year ago, I started hearing about the podcast, Serial; then it started popping up on my teaching Facebook groups too.  I finally decided to have a listen.   First, I had to find a podcast app that would work with my Google Pixel.  I really love Stitcher, and it is now a frequently used app on my phone because my drive has become longer with a job change and with more evenings of dance for the girls.  With Serial I was hooked and when I finished it, I started looking for other podcasts to fill my time.  It was then that I stumbled upon education podcasts.   Here are some of my favorites. The Google Teacher Tribe Educational technology is an entire segment of our profession that is constantly developing new tools and evolving.  Even as a Google Certified Trainer in a school with solid technology, there is no way for me to keep up with all the updates and features.  The Google Teacher Tribe brings the best of the Google Apps for Education Tools to your listening device.  They have episodes ranging from tips for Google Slides to video production processes. I am especially fond of episode 12 from April 2017 that focuses on productivity through Google tools.  As someone who always strives to be more efficient, this provided me some great strategies.  I still have tab scissors on my Chromebook and use it regularly. The Cult of Pedagogy The Cult of Pedagogy is a secondary-based podcast, but many of Jennifer Gonzolas’ episodes are relevant to educators at all levels and even support professionals and administrators.  She has developed a long-running series of tips, interviews, and reviews for educators. One of my favorite episode is 108 entitled To Learn, Students Need to Do Something changed my classroom.  After listening to this episode, I realized that I need to have students process and synthesize information more regularly.  Now processing and synthesizing is something my classroom does on a weekly basis. Truth for Teachers Angela Watson’s Truth for Teachers was my first trek into educational podcasts.  Angela was an elementary teacher before becoming an educational entrepreneur.  In addition to her podcast, she has written several books.   Much of her body of work focuses on teacher happiness, work-life balance, and productivity.  As I was going through a rough patch in my career Angela’s episodes helped me focus on the balance and what makes me tick as a teacher Check out her recent episode How to Keep Overbearing, Micromanaging Parents from Stressing You Out, episode 150.  It has led me to a place where I come at tough patient situations with a new perspective. The Spark Creativity Teacher Podcast Betsy Potash created this podcast in 2017 to help the teacher find balance among the factors within their classroom: creativity, assessment preparation, and administrative expectations while working with what students need and want from their literacy experience. I suggest Episode 60: Students Won’t Read?  Don’t Care?   One Year to Change That since most teachers are literacy teachers in some way.  Here she provides a selection of strategies to get students more engaged in texts and literacy.  I am excited to make some revisions to all my classes using her ideas. Grammar Girl Mignon Fogarty’s award-winning podcast provides short episodes focuses on writing and style.  While this is not your typical educational podcast, I have found the episodes have made me a better writer and a better teacher of writing.  I even use her podcasts with my students in the classroom One of my favorite episodes to share with my students is 639: Great Paragraphs. Falling off the Turnip Truck.    The 13-minute episode helps students move beyond the basic structure of their writing.  Try sharing this one with your students after they finish their next draft. Ditch that Textbook Matt Miller is amazing!  Pure and simple he helps teachers make their classroom interesting and engaging while avoiding the boring and uninteresting.  His midwestern heritage and background in technology and journalism make him a joy to listen to. Take five minutes to listen to episode 43: Hearing from EVERY student.  After this one, I had to pause and assess where I was with this concept.  I have implemented several of his strategies. Take a minute and download the free Stitcher App, so you can start checking each of these off your list. You can also listen to these podcasts on itunes and Soundcloud.    Be sure to check out The Education Podcast Network for more options. Which teacher podcasts are your favorite currently? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Sarah is currently a high school English and social studies teacher in Michigan where she also assists with school improvement and district technology. Her experience spans 15 years, grades 7-12, 5 schools, and 4 districts. She is a National Writing Project Teacher Consultant and a Google Certified Educator. Sarah loves spending time with her husband, daughters, and cats. Check her out on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. She can also be found at Kovescence of the Mind.

Stereotypical Roles of Australian Males Essay - 1206 Words

Stereotypical Roles of Australian Males The typical Australian: lazy, beer guzzling, faded blue singlets, thongs, slang words. This is the dominant reading formed by the media, commonly in advertisements and novels. The image constructed by such media is one of an unfit ‘couch potato’ who sits around all day drinking and watching television. This stereotype is not only downgrading, but constructs Australian males as underachievers in society. Some Australians may be like this, as for many the pursuit of leisure is a serious business. Indeed texts such as Chris Franklin’s – Bloke (2000) and The Wind and the Monkey (1999) support this theory of the common Australian man. However texts such as Crocodile Dundee (1986) and The Castle (1999)†¦show more content†¦Michael Dundee has such a loving attitude towards life that he leaves a positive lasting impression on everyone he meets. He tries his best to greet everyone he sees in the street by saying, â€Å"G’day, mate.† The viewer of this text is positioned to react in a positive way towards Dundee. Dundee may not always abide by the laws of America, but he acts on what he believes is right. There are many scenes in the film where Dundee was seen knocking someone out for some reason or another, but at the same time the viewer is still positioned to look at his positive aspects. Crocodile Dundee is set in the cultural context of outback Australia and it’s Aborigines. Michael Dundee was born in the Australian outback and raised by the Aborigines of his area. He sometimes performs many cultural acts that only the Aborigines do. Such as â€Å"He’s gone walkabout.† In outback Australia nothing changes, the towns are small and everybody knows one another. The social context of the outback Australian in comparison to New York is portrayed as being very primate for its time. Another text that shows no relevance to the dominant reading of Australian males is The Castle. This text follows the life of an Australian man by the name of Darryl Kerrigan. Darryl is a tow truck driver and father of four whos only distinguishing feature is his reverence for his home and family. The dominant reading of thisShow MoreRelatedAustralian Film Red Dog Analusis Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesNathanial Brown In the 2011 Australian film ‘Red Dog’ directed by Kriv Stenders many issues relating to Australian identity are addressed including the stereotypical Australian values such as conflict with authority and mateship. Stenders uses skilful camera and visual techniques to portray a realistic 1970’s context throughout the movie. Throughout the movie it is evident that Stenders portrays his values and attitudes such as rebellion against authority that abuses power and independence. Read MorePriscilla Queen of the Desert806 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Oral In today’s Australian society it has now become almost commonplace for us to question our beliefs and what it means to be an Australian. We have always turned to consider our cultural aspects and how they determine a strong Australian identity. The voice of a hot climate, the tone of the red sand, the indifference of man and woman and even the lifestyle of the Australian people all play important parts within our community. However to be an Australian is truly shaped by the kind actsRead MoreThe Drover Wife And The Chosen Vessel By Barbara Baynton1599 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history, Australian has always been perceived as a land of men. This is due to the colonization of Australian during the eighteen and nineteen century, where men are seen inferior to women. They also are domesticated within the house duties that the society has influence because of their gender. 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I.e.; Males view sports aerobics as being feminine in nature. This leads to our hypothesis which is how males see sports aerobics, which is usually very girly or the stereotypical gay. Females are seen as the subordinates in todays society and male are seen as the dominant. ThisRead MoreModule a Clemmance - Distinctive Voices Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender1687 Words   |  7 Pagesonly juxtapose the nature of the protagonist and antagonist but also to express her realistic concerns about the moral decay of Sydney, to challenge the notion of stereotypes and to question the notion of appearance versus reality. Opposing the stereotypical ‘hard-boiled’ private investigator through the distinctive voice of a feminized detective, ‘Claudia Valentine’, Day introduces the ambiguity of the world the protagonist inhabits through the use of the simile ‘I woke up feeling like death’. 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The Forces Driving An Organization - 1621 Words

What are the forces driving an organization to shift to analytics and be known as an analytical competitor? Analytics is when a particular organization uses large amount of data, predictive modeling, fact-based management, statistical analysis, quantitative analysis, and explanatory reasons in order to drive their business decisions and actions successfully (Harris 12). When an organization is trying to be analytically competitive, they are using analytics systematically and extensively to think outside the box to perform an execution to compete against other businesses. Today, organizations want more use of their talent and experience. To help them, analytics is used to manage their business performance, processes, strategy and key†¦show more content†¦Within the company they have implemented factors such as data, enterprise, leadership, targets, and analytics (DELTA). Through these factors, the company is able to analyze and restructure their business model to such a degree, that their strategies can be built around it. This is what sets Amazon apart from other companies and this is what helps make them a top online retailer. Amazon has continuously been innovating and building their analytical capabilities to stay on top of the market. The company was built from scratch through analytics, data collection and experimentation. Amazon has successfully stayed on the leading edge and has remained an analytical competitor for many years. Few ways, one can see the company’s growth is through the limited tests it has performed of new features on Amazon.com. The company rigorously quantifies user reaction before rolling the features out to the market. Amazon also uses extensive analytics to help predict what products will be successful in the future. Through the statistical and quantitative analysis approach, the company recommends products to its customers based on their previous buying experience. From the start, Jeff Bezos has envisioned Amazon.com as an analytically managed company. Bezos wants to squeeze every bit of efficiency out of its supply chain. The concept of personalization was based on web transaction and statistical algorithms, and now it has

Contextual Study Questions Free Essays

Who is the Artist? What kind of Artist are they? Where do they live and work? The artist of the image is Andy Warhol, and is most notable for his works in the Pop Art movement; he lived from 1928 to 1987 and spent the majority of his life in New York City. What is the piece of work? The piece of work in question is an illustration of a variety of beauty products in monochrome with multicultural rectangles spread around the page, all atop a black background. When was it made? Does it have a title? The image was made in 1956, and while having no official title, was an illustration for Harpers Bazaar. We will write a custom essay sample on Contextual Study Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now What do you think might have inspired the artist? What might the piece be about? The most likely source of inspiration for this piece was from fashion in general as the piece was centered around beauty products, furthermore, as the piece was designated for Harpers Bazaar, which is a fashion magazine, which also brings up the possibility that Andy Warhol was simply told to illustrate the piece by the company. This also ties into what the image is about as it too can most likely credited to Andy Warhol being commissioned to do an illustration for Harpers Bazaar, of which the piece is centered about. What materials and processes have been used? From the image, it appears to be made from pencil or graphite with a transparent material of sorts over the illustrations before being printed together on one layer as it was designated for a magazine. Can you describe the use of color? The use of color throughout the piece is conservative as it is only used on the multicultural transparent rectangles that are spread throughout the piece. How to cite Contextual Study Questions, Papers

Music Can Be Seen as Related to Gender. free essay sample

One of the reasons why gender has perhaps often been considered to be more social, and sex in turn more natural, is that gender is usually more visible as a series of conventions about dress codes, expected public bodily behavior, manner of speech and so on. Sex, however, is closely connected to sexuality, which has often been informed by beliefs that this should be a more private affair. The distinction between sex and gender is therefore both ideological and misleading.Here I follow the approach of Weeks, who has argued that gender is the social condition of being male or female, and sexuality, the cultural way of living out our bodily pleasures and desires (1986:45). Is rock itself an inherently masculine genre? One of the earliest attempts to start theorizing the relationship between rock music and sexuality can be found in an essay Ritter by Simon Firth and Angela Microbes (1978), in which they argued that rock operated as a form of sexual expression and as a form of sexual cont rol. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Can Be Seen as Related to Gender. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Firth and Microbes declared that, in terms of control and production, rock is a male form (1 978: 5). This argument was illustrated with reference of two different types of music: cook rock and teenybopper. Cook rock is a term that was coined by feminists during the early sass to refer to male performers such as Mock Jaeger, Roger Dallier and Robert Plant, who were aggressive, dominating and boastful. Women were often portrayed as subordinate in heir songs and represented as sex objects on LIP covers. The music was loud, rhythmically insistent, built around techniques of arousal and climax, the lyrics are assertive and arrogant Sock rockers musical skills become synonymous with their sexual skills (Firth and Microbes (1978: 7). They believe that men dominate and control the production, reproduction and dissemination of rock music and this is reflected in the music. Comparing this with teenybopper, which was judged to be consumed almost exclusively by girls, Firth and Microbes found a contrasting representation of male sexuality eased on softer ballad styles, and evocations of self-pity and vulnerability which encouraged female fantasies about being the partner of a singer.Firth and Microbes argument was based on a narrow series of essentialist assumptions which privileged heterosexual behavior. As Weeks (1986) has argued, male and female sexuality is far more varied and differentiated. Against Firth and Microbes argument that rock is male because it is controlled by men and therefore expresses a male sexuality, Robert Waller (1993) has proposed a more dynamic and historical approach by claiming that Sock has been actively made as male.Focusing on a specific submerge, heavy metal, he notes that heavy rock is not enjoyed entirely by male audience and neither does it communicate one type of masculinity. Waller continues to argue that heavy metal musicians do not simply express some essential maleness but instead are involved in what he calls forging masculinity. This is not a type of unmediated cultural expression but a conscious and deliberate strategy. Waller argues that for most of its early history, heavy metal was actively made as male through a series of quite particular practices, strategies ND tactics.Waller identified four such strategies that he found articulated in song lyrics, through the use Of musical codes and music videos. These he has identified as: 1 ascription, which means no girls are allowed; 2. ) misogyny, an anti-woman strategy which results in women appearing in songs and videos as mysterious or dangerous and as a threat to male control; 3. ) romance, a cultural strategy whereby love, escape and fantasy provide a means of transcending everyday problems; 4. Androgyny, which is an ambiguous and contradictory strategy while using elements of inflectionally feminine clothing (lace, stockings and make-up), many hard rock musicians seek to assert their heterosexuality and are anxious that their androgyny should not lead t o their sexuality being wrongly attributed as gay by fans, other musicians or journalists. Agree with Goodliest and Wald when they argue that rock can provide a means by which women can actively create distinctive female subcultures by using the example of Riot Girl.The label Riot Girl typically applied to a US sub-genre of alternative rock performed by female artists and groups that emerged in the early 1 sass. The Musical style appropriates elements of punk, hard-rock and grunge. Women musicians challenged the use of the guitar as a symbol of male power; the female voice was employed to challenge the macho assertiveness of rock in particular through screaming and the adoption of a variety of vocal sounds that were used to evoke rage, pleasure and/or primal self assertion (Goodliest and Wald, 1994: 261).As performers, women neither tried to become one of the boys nor played up to the traditional feminine image by seeking the heterosexual male gaze. Lyrically the songs dealt with taboo or private issues such as menstruation, incest, abuse, birth, motherhood and lesbian s ex. Riot Girl paved the way for wider recognition of women artists and groups In alternative rock genres (whether or not explicitly political in nature). However, Goodliest and Wald tempered their optimism with the observation that, despite the advances made by a few female performers, the on-going tradition of rock is still deeply masculinity (1994: 252).After all, where are the female rock musicians who might challenge the success of Guns N Roses, 132 or ERM? The conclusion that might be drawn from this rating on rock and sexuality is that rock is a genre that has been sexed in a very particular way, and as such its generic codes and conventions can present a formidable barrier to musicians who went to challenge and change them. One quote that agrees that rock is male, is made by Julie Burials (1994) where she states that l know its a sexist thing to say, but women arent as good at making music as men like theyre not as good as men at football.A girl in a dress with a guitar looks weird. . Its k on the radio, because you cant see them. Christie Handy is an exception. Very few of them are exceptions. And if they dont have a guitar, they become the dumb girl in front of the band. Im not a great fan of girls in pop. There are just two types of female making pop music today those blessed with good looks, and those who would perhaps be better served by an undercover visit to the local plastic Surgeon. [Women rockers] are just indulging in ugly Winning bleating.When ugly winning get left by some scrawny, spotty failed musician they blame the whole world but you couldnt give a chits because they sound so bucking whiningly horrible. Paul Lester (1992), This is a pretty harsh comment to make, suggesting that only pretty women can pull off being a rock musician. It should not be based on looks, after all, not a lot of male rockers are attractive. An example of a Riot Girl Group is Hole that were formed in 1989. They are not (considered to be) an original Riot Girl group although there are musical, lyrical and attitudinal similarities.Their key albums are: pretty on the Inside (1 991 Live Through This (1 994); celebrity Skin (1998). Their musical output was often dominated by Loves (controversial) public image. Live Through This draws on punk, rock and grunge and it parallels with Nirvanas Nevermore. It utilizes alternating soft verse/explosive chorus (cuff. Nirvana). This Riot Girl group has an abrasive and ironic/worldly vocal delivery (as opposed to the stereotypically polished or sweet-sounding female vocal). It is made catchy with the use of melodic pop hooks and antithetic chorus.The lyrics synthesis the intimately confessional with the socially relevant (again, producing songs that operate both individually and collectively). Powerful use of dynamic contrast at all levels acoustic v heavy extortion; gentle low register v shouting/screaming high register; understated verse v powerful chorus. Riot Girl was essentially about empowerment but, wary of the bad press, the Riot Frumps and Feminine tags, many women in bands distanced themselves from it in droves.Riot Girl ultimately was a fanzine-led flashing, a media rocket supporting the key- issue a womans place in art and rock culture. (O Brine, p. 164) It is not just rock that has been generically sexed, but also disco and jazz. When writing about rock, Firth and Microbes had argued that disco expressed a sexuality which was cool, restrained and understated (1978 : 19). Basing many of their observations on the disco movie Saturday Night Fever, they wrote of the social relations of disco as traditional girls dreaming of disco romance and boys dreaming of quick and easy sex (1978: 19).Yet disco music, far from being associated simply with traditional heterosexual conventions, is a genre that has frequently been linked with gay male sexuality. Richard Dyer argues that disco has been taken up by gays in ways that may well not have been intended by its producers (1990:413). The apparent gayness of disco has been questioned by John Gill (1 995), who has been critical of many of the assumptions that have been made about gay preferences in music (e. G. Who says that gay men prefer opera, show tunes and disco? . Gill is particularly critical of the way that gay disco music has become something of a sexual stereotype among both gay and non-gay music fans. I believe that although disco may not have been intended to be gay by its producers, it has still somewhat become gay with its cheesy music/lyrics, bright colors, fancy, over-the-top clothing etc. In discussing this he has made some interesting observations on the sexing of musical genres and in particular about the sexing of jazz.Gill has noted how the lesbian, gay and bisexual aspects to the lives and music of many prominent composers and musicians have often been excluded from jazz biographies. He has illustrated the point further by referring to the experiences of the gay jazz musician Gary Burton, whose experiences has led him to conclude that jazzs public image does not fit well with being a gay person (1995:75). This is an interesting observation because or many of its devotes jazz is thought not to have an image (unlike the excesses of rock performance for example).Yet, as Burton observes from touring and performing; Many people still persist in wanting jazz to be played by bucked-up addicts and alcoholics, in cramped smoky clubs, while wearing garish clothes and silly hats and sunglasses and talking jive talk. I get complaints all the time about not looking the part (Gill 1995:75). This argument about males being superior, has been going on for many years, long before rock, jazz or disco. As Susan McClain states with her argument that, much of the Western classical tradition can be understood as patriarchal.She gives four such examples: 1 . ) The exclusion of, or writing out of history of, women composers and performers: 2. ) The use of gendered terms (e. G. feminine ending or feminine cadence); 3. ) The stereotypically gendered portrayal of female (and male) characters in opera; 4. ) That sonata form itself plays out a narrative of masculine domination. Doll Bernhard Marx once stated in his lengthy discussion of sonata form that in sonata form he first theme is masculine and the second theme feminine. In this pair of themes. .. The first theme is the one determined at the outset, that is, with a primary freshness and energy consequently that which is energetically, emphatically, absolutely shaped The dominating and determining feature. On the other hand, the second theme. .. Is serving as a contrast, dependent on and determined by the former consequently, and according to its nature necessarily, the milder idea, one more supple than emphatically shaped, as if it were the feminine to that proceeding masculine.The construction of gender that he suggested here would become one of his most influential assertions, one that has become both disturbing and deeply problematic. Burlier also thought of the first exposition theme of his Symphonies fantasies as a construction of the feminine, not the masculine, as would apparently also be true, much later, of Wagered Satisfied-lewdly. Also with Mendelssohn Overture to A midsummer nights dream from 1826, were the second theme was meant to evoke the feminine. Another use of the gendered term feminine is also used to describe cadences. The general idea mongo musicians is that the feminine cadence is weak and the masculine strong. But this general idea is erroneous. The feminine cadence is often stronger than the masculine and is used in powerfully rhythmic music such as polonaises. To conclude, I do believe that rock has been actively made as male. However, I do not agree that only males can play rock, as have witnessed myself many female rock bands sing and play equally (sometimes better) than male rock bands. Heavy metal may have been made in a very heterosexual manner, but it still might provide a number of possibilities for he making of an anti-sexist rock.